Computer History

Fifth Generation

Defining a fifth-generation computer hard enough because this stage is still very young. Imaginative example is the fifth generation computer computer HAL9000 fiction novel of the works of Arthur C. Clarke, entitled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the desired function from a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), HAL can nalar have enough to do with human percapakan, using visual feedback, and learn from the experience itself.

Although it may be the realization HAL9000 still far from reality, a lot of functions that it has already materialized. Some machines can accept a verbal instruction and can mimic human nalar. The ability to translate foreign languages are also possible. This facility appears simple. However, the facility becomes much more complicated than suspected when a programmer to realize that human pengertia very dependent on the context and understanding rather than simply translate words directly.

Much progress in the field of design and computer technology allows the creation semkain fifth-generation computer. Two of the engineering capability is particularly parallel processing, which will replace the model of non Neumann. Model non Neumann will be replaced with a system that is capable of coordinating a lot of CPU to work at the same time. Progress is superkonduktor technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which can accelerate the speed of future information.

Japan is a country that is famous in the socialization jargon and fifth generation computer project. ICOT Institute (new Institute for Computer Technology) is also established to merealisasikannya. Many newspapers stating that this project has failed, but some other information that the success of the fifth generation computer project this change will bring a new paradigm in the computer world. We wait for the information and produce more valid results.

Computer History

Fourth Generation

After IC, the development becomes more clear: decrease the size of circuits and electrical komponenkomponen. Large Scale Integration (LSI) can contain hundreds of components on a chip. In the 1980s, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) to load thousands of components in a single chip.

Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increase the amount to be millions. The ability to install so many components in a chip that berukurang half chip coin encouraging decline in the price and size of the computer. It is also working to increase power, efficiency and keterandalan computer. Intel 4004 chip that is made in the year 1971 brought progress in the IC by placing all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and input / output) in a chip that is very small. Previously, the IC is made to do a particular task-specific. Now, a mikroprosesor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the needs you want. Not long after that, each household devices such as microwave oven, television, dn cars with electronic fuel injection equipped with mikroprosesor.

That allows the development of such ordinary people to use the computer normally. Computers no longer be dominated large companies or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer perakit computer products they offer to the public. Computers, which called minikomputer, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the general public. Software is most popular at the time the program is a word processing and spreadsheets. In the early 1980s, video games such as Atari 2600 to attract consumers on the home computer is more sophisticated and can be programmed.

In the year 1981, IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to be 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PC use. Computer to continue the evolution toward smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) to a computer that can be inserted in the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be (palmtop).

IBM PC to compete with Apple Macintosh computers in memperebutkan market. Apple Macintosh became famous because popularize the system in the computer graphics, saingannya while still using the text-based computer. Macintosh also popularize the use of tools mouse.

At the present, we know the IBM compatible with the CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (Serial of Intel-made CPU). Also, we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This all fit in the fourth generation of computers.

The growth in line with the use of computers in the workplace, new ways to continue to excavate potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, komputerkomputer can be linked together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to each other can communicate with each other. Computer network allows the computer to a single electronic form of cooperation to complete the task of a process. By using the direct perkabelan (also called a local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can be developed into very large.

Computer History

Third Generation

Although the transistor in many cases surpass vacuum cleaner tube, but the transistor produces a large amount of heat, which can potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminate this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instrument, to develop integrated circuits (IC: integrated circuit) in the year 1958. IC combines three electronic components in a small Silicon plate made of quartz sand. In the scientists and successfully enter more components into a single chip called a semiconductor. The result, computers become increasingly smaller as komponenkomponen can dipadatkan in the chip. The progress of the third generation of computers is the use of other operating systems (operating system) that allows the engine to run many different programs simultaneously with a major program that monitors and coordinates the computer memory.

computer history

Second generation

In 1948, the discovery of transistor greatly affect the development of the computer. Replace the transistor Tube vacuum in television, radio, and computers. As a result, the size of electrical machinery decreased drastically.

Transistor used in starting the computer started in 1956. The discovery of another form of the development of magnetic-core memory to help the development of second generation computer that is smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor. The first machines that use this new technology is superkomputer. IBM makes superkomputer called stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes computer called LARC. Komputerkomputer this, the laboratory developed for atomic energy, can handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atoms. These machines are expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, so the limit kepopulerannya. There are only two LARC, which had installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Replace the second-generation computer language with the engine assembly language. Assembly language is the language using abbreviations-singakatan to replace the binary code.

In the early 1960s, the computer begins to appear that the second generation of success in business, in universities and in government. Computer-generation computer is a second computer to use fully the transistor. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, disk storage in, memory, operating system and programs.

One important example of a computer at the time this is the IBM 1401 which is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all big business is using the second generation of computers to process financial information.

Programs that are stored in the computer and programming language that provides the flexibility to the computer. This increased flexibility with the performance of the price reasonable for business use. With this concept, the machine can print the invoice of purchase and run consumers and design products or calculate the payroll. Some programming language begins to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and the Formula Translator (FORTRAN) from general use. Programming language is the engine that replaces the code with complicated words, sentences, and math formula that is more easily understood by humans. It is easy to program and a computer set. Various new pop career (programmer, Analyst, experts and computer systems). The software industry also began to appear and grow in the second generation of this computer.

Computer History

ALAT HITUNG TRADISIONAL dan KALKULATOR MEKANIK

Alat ini memungkinkan penggunaannya untuk melakukan perhitungan menggunakan biji-bijian geser yang di atur pada sebuah rak.Para pedagang di masa itu menggunakan abakus untuk menghitung transaksi perdagangan.Seiring dengan munculnya pensil dan kertas,terutama di Eropa, abacus abacus kehilangan popularitasnya.

Setelah hampir 12 abad,muncul penemuan lain dalam hal mesin komputasi. Pada tahun 1642,Blais Pascal (1623-1662), yang pada waktu itu berumur 18 tahun, menemukan apa yang ia sebut sebagai kalkulator roda numerik (numerical wheel calculator) untuk membantu ayahnya melakukan perhitungan pajak.